What is the process of fermentation?

Fermentation is a metabolic process that involves the conversion of sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol, primarily through the action of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria. This process occurs in the absence of oxygen and is widely used in food production, such as in the making of bread, yogurt, and alcoholic beverages.

During fermentation, enzymes break down carbohydrates, particularly sugars, resulting in the formation of various byproducts. For instance, yeast converts sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide, which is crucial in wine and beer production. Meanwhile, lactic acid bacteria ferment sugars to lactic acid, vital for yogurt and some types of cheese.

This foundational concept in microbiology and food technology illustrates how fermentation can significantly impact flavor, texture, and preservation of food products, making it an indispensable technique in culinary practices. Other choices, while related to food processes, do not accurately define fermentation, which is specifically characterized by these metabolic changes in sugars.